On May 31, 1842 a separate division of the Order was created by Friedrich Wilhelm IV to honor prominent artists and scientists. This division of the Order is still active despite a short break in activities due to World War II. Recipients of the membership in the Order was limited to thirty Germans and thirty foreign members. On the day of establishment, 56 members were named and came from all fields of the arts and sciences, hence the official name Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste. The first elected chancellor of the Order was the well known German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.
The medal is hung from a silver and black striped ribbon just like the military award and is worn suspended from the neck. The Order insignia has remained the same through the years. The gold medal is circular and the center has a Prussian eagle upon it. (See the picture to the right.) The back of the medal is plain polished gold and is sometimes privately engraved.
If you have questions that are not answered here on this website about the Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, then contact them directly.
Orden Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste
c/o Bundesministerium des Innern
Graurheindorfer Strasse 198, 53117 Bonn Postfach 17 02 90, 53108 Bonn
Telephone (02 28) 681-5556 Fax. (0228) 681-5504
There is also a website for the Arts & Science Award
List of Members from 1842 to 1998
1842
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in Königsberg I. PR., astronomer/astronom --- 1842
August Boeckh in Berlin, antiquity researcher/altertumsforscher --- 1842
Franz Bopp in Berlin, linguist of Sanskrit/sprachforscher(sanskrit) --- 1842
Leopold von Buch in Berlin, geologist and paleontologist/geologe und paläontologe --- 1842
Peter Joseph Cornelius in Berlin, painter/maler --- 1842
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach in Berlin, surgeon /chirurg --- 1842
Karl Friedrich Eichhorn in Berlin, lawyer/rechtsgelehrter -- 1842
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in Berlin, naturalist/naturforscher --- 1842
Johann Franz Encke in Berlin, astronomer/astronom --- 1842
Karl Friedrich Gauss in Göttingen, mathmatician & astronomer/ mathematiker und astronom --- 1842
Jakob Grimm in Berlin, germanist/germanist --- 1842
Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin, naturalist/naturforscher --- 31 May, 1842
Karl Gustav Jakob Jacobi in Königsberg I. PR., mathmatician/mathematiker --- 1842
Karl Friedrich Lessing in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1842
Felix Mendlssohn - Bartholdy in Berlin, composer/komponist --- 1842
Klemens Wenzel Fürst von Metternich -Winneburg in Wien, statesmen /staatmann --- 1842
Giacomo Meyerbeer in Berlin, composer/komponist --- 1842
Eilhard Mitscherlich in Berlin, chemist/chemiker --- 1842
Johannes Müller in Berlin, physiologist/physiologe --- 1842
Christian Rauch in Berlin, sculpter/bildhauer --- 1842
Carl Ritter in Berlin, geographer/geograph --- 1842
Friedrich Rückert in Berlin, poet and orientalist/dichter und orientalist --- 1842
Friedrich Karl von Savigny in Berlin, lawyer/rechtsgelehrter --- 1842
Johann Gottfried Schadow in Berlin, sculptor/bildhauer --- 1842
Friedrich Wilhelm von Schelling in Berlin, philosopher/philosoph --- 1842
August Wilhelm von Schlegel in Bonn, poet/dichter --- 1842
Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld in München, painter/maler --- 1842
Johann Lukus Schönlein in Berlin, pathologist/pathologe --- 1842
Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler in München, sculptor/bildhauer --- 1842
Ludwig Tieck in Berlin, poet/dichter --- 1842
Jean Arago in Paris, physicist/physiker --- 1842
Francesco Avellino in Neapel, archeologist /archäologe --- 1842
Jöns Jacob Freiherr von Berzelius in Stockholm, chemist/chemiker --- 1842
Bartolomeo Graf Borghesi in San Marino, archeologist/archäologe --- 1842
Robert Brown in London, botanist /botaniker --- 1842
Francois René Vicomte De Chateaubriand in Paris, writer/schriftsteller --- 1842
Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre in Paris, painter, and inventor of the photos/maler, und erfinder der lichtbilder --- 1842
Michael Faraday in London, chemist and physicist/chemiker und physiker --- 1842
Pierre Francois Leonard Fontaine in Paris, architect/architekt --- 1842
Vittorio Graf Fossombroni in Florenz, /hydrauliker und ökonomist --- 1842
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in Paris, chemist and physicist/chemiker und physiker --- 1842
Sir John Frederic William Herschel in London, astronomer/astronom --- 1842
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres in Paris, painter/maler --- 1842
Bartholomäus Kopitar in Wien, /slawist --- 1842
Adam Johann von Krusenstern in St. Petersburg, research traveler/forschungreisender --- 1842
Jean-Antoine Letronne in Paris, /numismatiker --- 1842
Franz Liszt in Paris, musican/tonkünstler --- 31 May, 1842
Macedonio Melloni in Neapel, physicist /physiker --- 1842
Thomas Moore in Wiltshire, poet/dichter -- 1842
Hans Christian Oersted in Kopenhagen, physicist/physiker --- 1842
Gioacchino Rossini in Bologna, composer/komponist --- 1842
Wassilij Andrejewitsch Shukowskij in St. Petersburg, poet/dichter --- 1842
Gasparo Spontini in Majolati, composer/komponist --- 1842
Albert Thorvaldsen in Kopenhagen, sculptor/bildhauer --- 1842
Paolo Toschi in Parma, /kupferstecher --- 1842
Horace Vernet in Paris, painter/maler --- 1842
1844
Stefan Ladislaus Endlicher in Wien, botanist/botaniker --- 1844
Alessandro Conte Manzoni in Mailand, poet/dichter --- 1844
Adam Gottlieb Oehlenschläger in Kopenhagen, poet/dichter --- 1844
1845
Heindrich Friedrich Link in Berlin, botanist/botaniker --- 1845
Théodore Gudin in Paris, painter/maler --- 1845
Pavel Joseph Safarik in Prag, /slawist --- 1845
1846
Gottfried Hermann in Leipzig, /klassischer philologe --- 1846
1847
Sir David Brewster in Edinburgh, physicist/physiker --- 1847
1848
Karl Sigismund Kunth in Berlin, botanist/botaniker --- 1848
Louis Spohr in Kassel, composer/komponist --- 1848
1849
Georg Friedrich Creuzer in Heidelberg, /klassisicher philologe --- 1849
Wilhelm von Kaulbach in München, painter/maler --- 1849
Karl Earnst von Baer in St. Petersburg, /zoologe --- 1849
Augustin Louis Cauchy in Paris, mathmatican/mathematiker --- 1849
Francois Pierre Guilliame Guizot in Paris, historian/historiker --- 1849
Karl Benedikt Hase in Paris, /klassischer philologe --- 1849
1850
Wilhelm von Schadow in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1850
Jean-Babtiste Biot in Paris, /physiker --- 1850
Eugene Burnouf in Paris, /orientalist, sanskrit- und keilschriftforscher --- 1850
Paul Delaroche in Paris, painter/maler --- 1850
Josef Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall in Wein (Vienna for Americans), /orientalist --- 1850
1851
Justus Freiherr von Liebig in Giessen, chemist/chemiker --- 1851
Friedrich Tiedemann in Frankfurt A.M., /physiologie --- 1851
Daniel-Francois Esprit Auber in Paris, composer/komponist --- 1851
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struwe in Pulkowa, /astronom --- 1851
1852
Louis Gallait in Brüssel, painter/maler --- 1852
Sir Richard Owen in London, /paläontonloge und zoologe --- 1852
Pietro Tenerani in Rom, /bildhauer --- 1852
1853
Christian Samuel Weiss in Berlin, /mineraloge --- 1853
Paul Joseph D`Albert, Duc De Luynes in Paris, /archäologe, numismatiker --- 1853
Thomas Babingtons Macaulay in London, historian/historiker --- 1853
Henry Creswiche Rawlinson in Bagdad, /orientalist, keilschriftforscher
1854
Sir Georg Bidell Airy in Greenwich, astronomer/astronom --- 1854
Jakob Ignaz Hittorf in Paris, architect/architekt --- 1854
1855
Peter Gustav Lejeune-Dirichlet in Göttingen, /mathematiker --- 1855
Christian August Lobeck in Königsberg I. PR., /klassischer philologe --- 1855
Leopold Ranke in Berlin, historian/historiker --- 1855 --- On March 13, 1867 he was made Vice President of the Order and then onSeptember 20, 1867 he was made President of the Order.
Auguste Gaspard Louis Boucher, Baron Desnoyers in Paris, /kuferstecher --- 1855
Jean-Baptists Dumas in Paris, chemist/chemiker --- 1855
Johann Friedrich Overbeck in Rom, painter/maler --- 1855
1857
Christian Lassen in Bonn, /orientalist --- 1857
Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger in Wien/Vienna, /geologe --- 1857
Joseph Nicolas Robert-Fleury in Paris, painter/maler --- 1857
Francois Forester in Paris, /kupferstecher --- 1857
Sir Edward Sabine in London, /physiker und astronom --- 1857
1858
Ernst Rietchel in Dresden, /bildhauer --- 1858
Friedrich August Stüler in Berlin, architect/architekt
1859
Ernst Heindrich Weber in Leipzig, /physiologe --- 1859
1860
Heindrich Wilhelm Dove in Berlin, /meteorologe --- 1860 --- On September 20, 1867 he was made Vice President of the Order.
Johann August Eduard Mandel in Berlin, /kupperstecher --- 1860
Franz Ernst Neumann in Königsberg I. PR., /physiker --- 1860
Friedrich Christof Schlosser in Heidelberg, historian/historiker --- 1860
Louis Jean Rodolphe Agassiz in New Cambridge Bei Boston, naturalist/naturforscher --- 10 August, 1860
Johann Charles Fremont in Washington, /forschungsreisender --- 1860
1861
August Immanuel Bekker in Berlin, /klassischer philologe -- 1861
Friedrich Benedikt Wilhelm von Hermann in München, /nationalökonom und statistaker --- 1861
Franz Karl Leo von Klenze in München, architect/architekt --- 1861
Heindrich Rose in Berlin, chemist/chemiker --- 1861
Edmonde-Francois Jomard in Paris, /geograph --- 1861
1863
Johann Friedrich Drake in Berlin, /bildhauer --- 1863 --- On March 31, 1879 he was made Vice President of the Order.
Josef Karl Anton Mittermaier in Heidelberg, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1863
Friedrich von Raumer in Berlin, historian/historiker --- 1863
Jean Hippolyte Flandrin in Paris, painter/maler --- 1863
Edward Hincks in Killyleagh, Ireland, /orientalist --- 1863
Sir Charles Lyell in London, /geologe --- 1863
Jean Viktor Poncelet in Paris, /mathematiker --- 1863
1864
Robert Bunsen in Heidelberg, /chemiker --- 1864
Eduard Grell in Berlin, /tonkünstler, komponist --- 1864
Georg Friedrich Schömann in Greifswald, /klassischer philologe --- 1864
Wilhelm Weber in Göttingen, /physiker --- 1864
Friedrich Wöhler in Göttingen, /chemiker --- 1864
Georg Friedrich Ziebland in München, /architekt --- 1864
1865
Léon Cogniet in Paris, painter/maler --- 1865
Amadeo Peyron in Turin, /orientalist --- 1865
1866
Christian Friedrich Diez in Bonn, /romanist --- 1866
Peter Andreas Hansen in Gotha, /astronom --- 1866
Johann Heindrich Strack in Berlin, /architekt --- 1866
Christopher Hansteen in Christiania, /astronom --- 1866
1867
Eduard Bendemann in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1867
Peter Baron Clodt von Jürgensburg in St. Petersburg, /bildhauer --- 1867
Louis Pierre Henriquel-Dupont in Paris, /kupferstecher --- 1867
Henri Miline-Edwards in Paris, /zoologe und physiologe --- 1867
1868
Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer in Leipzig, /orientalist --- 1868
August Meineke in Berlin, /klassischer philologe --- 1868
Theodor Mommsen in Berlin, /historiker und altertumsforscher --- 1868 --- On 19 Otober 1894, he was made the Vice President of the Order.
Charles Robert Darwin in London, /naturforscher --- 1868
Felix Jacques Duban in Paris, /architekt --- 1868
Henri Victor Regnault in Paris, /chemiker und physiker --- 1868
Sir Charles Wheatstone in London, /physiker --- 1868
1869
Johann König von Sachsen, /forscher auf dem gebiete der Italienischen literatur (Dante-Übersetzer)
Johann Nicolai Madvig in Kopenhagen, /klassischer philologe --- 1869
Franz Xavier Ritter von Miklosich in wein, /slawist --- 1869
1870
Adolf Menzel in Berlin, painter/maler --- 1870 --- On 27 December 1882, he was made Vice President of the Order and then on 16 June 1886, he was made President of the Order.
Johann Peter Molin in Stockholm, /bildhauer --- 1870
1871
Rudolf Friedrich Moriz Haupt in Berlin, /klassischer philologe und germanist --- 1871
Gustav Rose in Berlin, /mineraloge --- 1871
1872
Richard Lepsius in Berlin, /Ägytologe --- 1872
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg in Berlin, /philosoph --- 1872
Sir Edwin Henry Landseer in London, painter/maler --- 1872
Elias Loennrot in Helsingfors, /forscher auf dem gebiete der finnischen sprache --- 1872
Thomas Romney Robinson in Armagh, Ireland, /astronom --- 1972
1873
Hermann Helmholtz in Berlin, /physiker und physiologe --- 1873 --- On 16 June 1886, he was made Vice President of the Order.
Ludwig Knaus in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1873
Nicaise de Keyser in Antwerpen, painter/maler --- 1873
1874
Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander in Bonn, /astronom --- 1874
Ernst Julius Hähnel in Dreseden, /bildhauer --- 1874
Gustav Kirchhoff in Heidelberg, /physiker --- 1874
Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke in Berlin, /Kriegswissenschaftler seit 1839 Ritter der Militärklasses, seit 1871 mit eichenlaub, 1879 Kreuz und stern mit bildnis Friedrichs des grossen, 1889 brillanten und krone --- 1874
Heinrich von Sybel in Bonn, /historiker --- 1874
Thomas Carlye in London, /historiker --- 1874
Humphrey Lloyd in Dublin, /physiker --- 1874
Max Müller in Oxford, /orientalist --- 1874
Gottfried Semper in Wien, /architekt --- 1874
1875
Karl Weierstrass in Berlin, /mathematiker --- 1875
George Bancroft in Washington, historian/historiker --- 15 March, 1875
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in Cambridge, North America, poet/dichter --- 26 May, 1875
Theodor Schwann in Lüttich, /physiologe --- 1875
William Stokes in Dublin, /physiker --- 1875
1876
Otto Nikolaus von Böhtlingk in Jena, /orientalist --- 1876
1877
Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond in Berlin, /physiologe --- 1877
Georg Curtius in Leipzig, /klassischer philologe --- 1877
Eduard Zeller in Berlin, /philosoph --- 1877
Johannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup in Kopenhagen, /zoologe --- 1877
1878
Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke in Wien, /physiologe --- 1878
Charles Hermite in Paris, /mathematiker --- 1878
1879
Ernst Curtius in Berlin, /historiker und altertumsforscher --- 1879
Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold in München, /zoologe --- 1879
Sir George Gabriel Stokes in Cambridge, England, /mathematiker --- 1879
1880
Adolf Erik Freiherr von Nordenskiöld in Stockholm, /polarforscher --- 1880
Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Schmidt in Wien, /architekt --- 1880
1881
Anreas Achenbach in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1881
Georg Heinrich Friedrich Hitzig in Berlin, /architekt --- 1881
Sir Lorenz Alma-Tadema in London, painter/maler --- 1881
Niels Wilhelm Gade in Kopenhagen, /komponist --- 1881
William Dwight Whitney in New Haven, /orientalist --- 29 May, 1881
1882
Gustav Karl Ludwig Richter in Berlin, painter/maler --- 1882
Johannes Schilling in Dresden, /bildhauer --- 1882
Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot in Paris, /chemiker --- 1882
Jean-Baptiste Joseph Dieudonné Boussingault in Paris, /chemiker und astronom --- 1882
Giuseppe Fiorelli in Rome, /archäologe --- 1882
Otto Wilhelm von Struve in Pulkowa, /astronom --- 1882
Bernhard Rudolf Studer in Bern, /geologe --- 1882
1883
Reinhold Begas in Berlin, /bildhauer --- 1883
August Wilhelm von Hofmann in Berlin, /chemiker --- 1883
1884
Friedrich Schaper in Berlin, /bildhauer --- 1884 --- 20 March 1905 he became Vizekanzler/ Vice President and then 5 May 1915 he became Kanzler/President of the Order
Michele Benedetto Gaetano Amari in Pisa, /historiker und orientalist --- 1884
William Thomson Lord Kelvin of Largs in Glasgow, /physiker --- 1884
1885
Georg Waitz in Berlin, /historiker --- 1885
Joseph Lord Lister in London, surgeon/chirurg --- 1885
1886
Werner Ernst von Siemens in Charlottenburg, /physiker --- 1886
August Friedrich Pott in Halle A.D. Saale, /sprachforscher --- 1886
Giovanni Battista Carlo De Rossi in Rome, /archäologe --- 1886
1887
Gustav Freytag in Wiesbaden, /dichter und schriftsteller --- 1887
Heinrich von Treitschike in Berlin, /historiker --- 1887
Johannes Brahms in Wien, /komponist --- 1887
Giulio Monteverde in Rome, /bildhauer --- 1887
Giuseppe Verdi in Santa Agata, /komponist --- 1887
William Wright in Cambridge, England, /orientalist --- 1887
1888
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius in Bonn, /physiker --- 1888
Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist in Berlin, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1888
Theodor Noldeke in Strassburg I.E., /orientalist --- 1888
Sir Frederick Baron Leighton od Stretton in London, painter/maler --- 1888
Jean Charles Galissard De Marignac in Genf, /chemiker --- 1888
Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini in Pisa, /geologe --- 1888
Emile Charles Wauters in Brüssel, painter/maler --- 1888
1889
Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig in Leipzig, /physiologe --- 1889
1890
Karl Franz Eduard von Gebhardt in Düsseldorf, painter/maler --- 1890
1891
Hermann Ende in Berlin, /architekt --- 1891
Adolf von Hildebrand in München, /bildhauer --- 1891
Adrian Friedrich Wilhelm Julius Ludwig von Verdy du Vernois in Berlin, /militärschrifteller --- 1891
Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle in Genf, /botaniker --- 1891
Vatroslav von Jagic in Wien, /slawist --- 1891
Johan Hendrik Kern in Lieden, /indologe und sprachforscher --- 1891
Sir Austen Henry Lyard in London, /archäologe und diplomat --- 1891
Anton Grigorjewitsch Rubinstein in St. Petersburg, /tonkünstler --- 1891
Pasquale Villari in Rom, /historiker --- 1891
1892
Arthur Auwers in Berlin, /astronom --- 1892 --- 20 November 1903 he became Vizekanzler/Vice President and 20 March 1905 he became Kanzler/President of the Order.
Benjamin Apthorp Gould in Cambridge, Nordamerika, astronomer/astronom --- 31 May, 1892
Sir John Everette Millais in London, painter/maler --- 1892
1893
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradowitz in Bonn, /chemiker --- 1893
August Kundt in Berlin, /physiker --- 1893
Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger in Bonn, /physiologe --- 1893
Sven Ludwig Lovén in Stockholm, /zoologe --- 1893
Ludwig Johann Passini in Venedig, painter/maler --- 1893
1894
Jakob Georg Agardh in Lund, /bontaniker --- 1894
Alfred Ritter von Arneth in Wien, /historiker --- 1894
1895
Adolf Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Ritter von Bayern in München, /chemiker --- 1895
Hermann Carl Vogel in Potsdam, /astrophysiker --- 1895
Michael Jan de Goeje in Leiden, /arabist --- 1895
Jacobus Hendricus Vant Hoff in Amsterdam, /chemiker --- 1895
Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer in Winterthur, /numismatiker --- 1895
Giovanni Virgino Schiaparelli in Mailand, /astronom --- 1895
1896
German Chancellor Otto Fürst von Bismarck in Berlin, statesman/staatsmann --- 1896 --- In 1884 he was also awarded the Military Order of the Pour le Merite / Ritter der Militärklasse des Ordens mit Eichenlaub.
Heinrich Brunner in Berlin, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1896
Hermann Grimm in Berlin, /literar und kunsthistoriker --- 1896
Rudolf Albert von Kölliker in Würzburg, /anatom --- 1896
Friedrich Wilhelm Kohlrausch in Charlottenburg, /physiker --- 1896
Alexander Onufrijewitsch Kowalewskij in St. Petersburg, /zoologe --- 1896
1897
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf in Münster I.W., /physiker --- 1897
Rudolf Leuckart in Leipzig, /zoologe --- 1897
Carl Gottfried Neumann in Leipzig, /mathematiker --- 1897
Hermann Usener in Bonn, /klassischer philologe --- 1897
Albrecht Friedrich Weber in Berlin, /orientalist --- 1897
Francisco Pradilla Y Oritz in Madrid, painter/maler --- 1897
William Stubbs in Oxford, /historiker --- 1897
1898
Simon Schwendener in Berlin, /botaniker --- 1898
Julius Ficker von Feldhaus in Innsbruck, /historiker --- 1898
Sir Wiliiam Henry Flower in London, /naturforscher --- 1898
Gustav Oskar August Montelius in Stockholm, /nordischer archäologe --- 1898
Sir John Murray in Edinburgh, /tiefseeforscher --- 1898
1899
Joseph Joachim in Berlin, /tonkünstler --- 1899
Gustav von Schmoller in Berlin, /nationalökonom und historiker --- 1899
Sir Hubert Herkomer in Lululaund-Bushey Herts Bei London, painter/maler und graphiker --- 1899
1900
Max Joseph von Pettenkofer in München, /hygieniker und chemiker --- 1900
1901
Rudolf Virchow in Berlin, /pathologe --- 1901
Julius Wellhausen in Götteingen, /historiker und orientalist --- 1901
Charles-Camille Saint-Saën in Paris, /komponist --- 1901
1902
Karl Gegenbaur in Heidelberg, /anatom --- 1902
Adolf von Harnack in Berlin, /theologe und kirchenhistoriker --- 1902
Karl Justi in Bonn, /kunsthistoriker --- 1902
Alexandre Emanuel Agassiz in Cambridge, Nordamerika /zoologe --- 11 August 1902
John Lubbock Lord Avebury in Down (Kent), /naturforscher --- 1902
Luigi Antonio Gaudenzio Cremona in Rome, /mathematiker --- 1902
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker in Kiew, /bontaniker --- 1902
Gaston Bruno Paulin Paris in Paris, /romanist --- 1902
Peter Petrowitsch von Semjonow-Tienschanski in St. Petersburg, /geograph --- 1902
1903
Adolf Mussafia in Wien, /romanist --- 1903
John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh in Tedling Plage, Witham (Essex), /physiker --- 1903
Theodor Ritter von Sickel in Meran, /historiker --- 1903
1904
Hermann Emil Fischer in Berlin, /chemiker --- 1904
Adolf Kirchioff in Berlin, /klasischer philologe --- 1904
Francois-Auguste Gevaert in Brüssel, /musikhistoriker und komponist --- 1904
Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow in Christiania, /mathematiker --- 1904
1905
Franz Jacob von Defregger in München, painter/maler --- 1905
Graziadio Isaia Asscoli in Mailand, /forscher auf dem Gebiete der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschraft --- 1905
Simon Newcomb in Washington, astronomer/astronom --- 8 November, 1905
1906
Franz Bücheker in Bonn, /klassicher philologe --- 1906
Robert Koch in Berlin, /bakteriologe --- 1906
Leopold Victor Delisle in Paris, /historiker --- 1906
1908
Max Bruch in Berlin, /komponist --- 1908
Wilhelm Dilthey in Berlin, /philosoph --- 1908
Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp Pfeffer in Leipzig, /pflanzenphysiologe und botaniker --- 1908
Gabriel Ritter von Seidel in München, /architekt --- 1908
Johannes Vahlen in Berlin, /klassischer philologe --- 1908
Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff in Berlin, /klassischer philologe --- 1908
James Viscount Bryce in London, /historiker und rechtsgelehrter --- 1908
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in Leiden, /physiker --- 1908
Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff in St. Petersburg, /forscher auf dem Gebiete der Türkischen sprache --- 1908
John Singer Sargent in London, painter/maler --- 1908
1910
Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin in Friedrichshafen, /aeronautiker --- 1910
Sir Davon Gill in London, /astronom --- 1910
1911
Kolmar Freiherr von der Goltz in Berlin, /kriegswissenschaftler --- 1911
Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering in Leipzig, /physiologe --- 1911
Otto Lessing in Berlin, /bildhauer -- 1911
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in München, /physiker --- 1911
Gustav Schönleber in Karlsruhe L.B., painter/maler --- 1911
Andreas Heusler in Basel, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1911
Edward Charles Pickering in Cambridge, Nordamerika, /astronom --- 4 March, 1911
Sir Wilhelm Ramsay in London, /chemiker --- 1911
Gustaf Magnus Retzius in Stockholm, /histologe --- 1911
Wilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen in Kopenhagen, /sprachforscher --- 1911
1912
Reinhold Koser in Berlin, /historiker --- 1912
August Louis Tuaillon in Berlin, /bildhauer --- 1912
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt in Leipzig, /pyschologe und philosoph --- 1912
Julius Ferdinand vin Hann in Wien, /meteorologe --- 1912
Sir William Turner in Edinburgh, /anatom --- 1912
1913
Hermann Diels in Berlin, /klassischer philologe --- 1913
Ernst Emil Ludwig Hoffman in Berlin, /architekt --- 1913 --- In 1923 he was the second Vice President/Vizekanzler of the Order.
Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat in Paris, painter/maler --- 1913
1914
Hans Grässel in München, /architekt --- 1914
Camillo Golgi in Pavia, /mediziner und histologe --- 1914
1915
Max Planck in Berlin, /physiker --- 1915 --- First he became Vice President/Vizekanzler in 1923 then President/Kanzler of the Order in 1930.
Otto von Gierke in Berlin, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1915
Hugo Ritter von Seeliger in München, /astronom --- 1915
Heinrich von Angeli in Wien, /historien und porträtmaler --- 1915
Santiago Roman Y Cajal in Madrid, /mediziner und histologe --- 1915
Jacobus Cornelius Kaptayn in Groningen, /astronom --- 1915
1916
Hugo Freiherr von Freytag-Loringhoven in Weimar, /kriegswissenschaftler --- 1916
Rudolf Sohm in Leipzig, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1916
1917
Max Klinger in Leipzig, /radierer und bildhauer --- 1917
Walther Hermann Nernst in Berlin, /physiker --- 1917
Hans Thoma in München, painter/maler --- 1917
1918
Adolf Erman in Berlin, /Ägyptologe --- 1918
Georg Friedrich Knapp in Strassburg I.E. /nationalökonom und staatswissenschaftler --- 1918
Johannes Adolf von Kries in Freiburg, /physiologie --- 1918
Carl Ritter von Linde in München, /ingenieur --- 1918
Eduard Meyer in Berlin, /historiker --- 1918
1923
Albert Einstein in Berlin, physicist and atomic scientist/physiker --- 1923 --- Augeschieden 1933 (forced to give up award by Nazis ten years later)
Gerhart Hauptmann in Agnetendorf, /dichter --- 1923
Felix Klein in Göttingen, /mathematiker --- 1923
Hugo Lederer in Berlin, /bildhauer --- 1923
Max Liebermann in Berlin, painter/maler --- 1923 --- In 1932 he became Vice President/Vizekanzler of the Order
1924
Georg Gootfried Julius Dehlio in Tübingen, /kunsthistoriker --- 1924
Richard von Hertwig in München, /zoologe --- 1924
General and Dr. Hermann von Kuhl in Berlin, /militärschriftsteller --- 1924 --- He is also a holder of the Military Order of the Pour le Merite.
Heinrich Lüders in Berlin, /indologe --- 1924 --- In 1931 He became the second Vice President/Vizekanzler of the Order.
Hans Erich Pfitzner in München, /komponist --- 1924
Eduard Schwartz in München, /klassischer philologe --- 1924
Max Slevogt in Berlin, painter and/maler und graphiker --- 1924
Richard Georg Strauss in Garmisch, /komponist --- 1924
Richard Willstätter in München, /chemiker --- 1924
1925
Hugo Freiherr von Habermann in München, painter/maler --- 1925
Ludolf von Krehl in Hiedelberg, /mediziner --- 1925
1926
David Hilbert in Göttingen, /mathematiker --- 1926
Leopold Karl Walter Graf von Klackreuth in München, painter and/maler und graphiker --- 1926
Albrecht Penck in Berlin, /geograph --- 1926
Karl Vossler in München, /romanist --- 1926
1929
Wilhelm von Bode in Berlin, /kunsthistoriker und museumdirektor --- 1929
Wilhelm Furtwägngler in Berlin, /tonkünstler --- 1929
Käthe Kollwitz in berlin, /bildhauer und graphikerin --- 1929
Carl Stumpe in Berlin, /psychologe und philosoph --- 1929
1931
Enno Littmann in Tübingen, /orientalist --- 1931 --- In 1952 he became Kanzler/President of the Order.
Wilhelm Schulze in Berlin, /indogermanist --- 1931
Theodor Wiegand in Berlin, /archäologe --- 1931
1932
Paul Fridolin Kehr in Berlin, /historiker --- 1932
1933
Ernst Heinrich Barlach in Güstrow I.M., /bildhauer, graphiker und dichter --- 1933
Heinrich Wölfflin in Zürich, /kunsthistoriker --- 1933
1952
Paul Bonatz in Stuttgart, /architekt --- 1952
Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe in Heidelberg, /physiker --- 1952
Ernst Robert Curtius in Bonn, /romanist --- 1952
Ludwig Curtius in Rom, /archäologe --- 1952
Gerhard Domagk in Wuppertal-Elberfeld, /mediziner --- 1952 --- In 1959 he became First Vice President/Erster Vizekanzler of the Order.
Karl Ritter von Frisch in München, /zoologe --- 1952
Otto Hahn in Göttingen, /chemiker --- 1952
Erich Haenisch in Herrenchiemsee, /sinologe --- 1952
Max Hartmann in Tübingen, /biologe --- 1952 --- In 1952 he became First Vice President/Erster Vizekanzler and then in 1955 he became President/Kanzler of the Order.
Paul Hindemith in Zürich, /komponist --- 1952
Karl Hofer in Berlin, painter and /maler und graphiker --- 1952
Erich Kaufmann in Bonn, /rechtwissenschaftler --- 1952 --- In 1952 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler and then in 1959 he became President/Kanzler of the Order.
Max Theodor Felix von Laue in Berlin, /physiker --- 1952
Theodor Litt in Bonn, /philosoph --- 1952
Gerhard Marcks in Köln, /bildhauer --- 1952
Friedrich Meinecke in Berlin, /historiker --- 1952
Emil Nolde in Seebüll, painter and /maler und graphiker --- 1952
Karl Reinhardt in Frankfurt A.M., /klassischer pilologe --- 1952
Otto Renner in München, /botaniker --- 1952
Paul Schmitthenner in Kilchberg, /architekt --- 1952 --- In 1959 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Reinhold Schneider in Freiburg, /schriftsteller und dichter --- 1952
Rudolf Alexander Schröder in Sonnleithen, /dichter --- 1952 --- In 1952 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler and in 1955 became First Vice President/ Erster Vizekanzler of the Order.
Renée Sintenis in Berlin, sculptor?/bildhauerin under malerin --- 1952
Eduard Spranger in Tübingen, /philosoph --- 1952
Otto Warburg in Berlin, /biochemiker --- 1952
Heinrich Wieland in Starnberg, /chemiker --- 1952
Adolf Windlaus in Göttingen, /chemiker --- 1952
1954
Alfred Weber in Heidelberg, /soziologe --- 1954
Neils Henrik David Bohr in Kopenhagen, /physiker --- 1954
Carl J. Burckhardt in Vinzel/Waadt, Schweiz, /historiker --- 1954
Arthur H. Compton in St. Louis, (Missouri) USA, physicist/physiker --- 1954
George Gooch in Chalfont St. Peter/Bucks, England, /historiker --- 1954
Hermann Hesse in Montagnola, Sschweiz, /schriftsteller --- 1954
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in New Deli, Indien, /religionsphilosoph --- 1954
Albert Schweitzer in Lambarene, Afrika, /philosoph, theologe und musikhistoriker --- 1954
1955
Werner Jäger in Cambridge (Massachusetts) USA, classical philologist/klassischer philologe --- 1955
Thomas Mann in Kilchberg, Schweiz, /schriftsteller --- 1955
Hans Purrmann in Montagnola, Schweiz, /maler und graphiker --- 1955
Sir Henry Hallett Dale in London, /physiologe --- 1955
Etienne Gilson in Paris, /philosoph --- 1955
Bernhard Karlgren in Stockholm, /sinologe --- 1955
Oskar Kokoscha in Villeneuve, Schweiz, painter and /maler und graphiker --- 1955
Gilbert Murray in Oxford, /gräzist --- 1955
1956
Carl Orff in Diessen A. Ammersee, /komponist --- 1956
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff in Berlin, /maler und graphiker --- 1956
Luigi Einaudi in Dogliani (Cuneo), Italien, /finanzwissenschaftler --- 1956
Max Huber in Zürich, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1956
Lise Meitner in Stockholm, /physikerin --- 1956
Erwin Schrödinger in Wien (Vienna), /physiker --- 1956
Thornton Wilder in New Haven (Connecticut), USA, /schriftsteller --- 1956
1957
Werner Heisenberg in München, /physiker --- 1957 --- In 1974 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Gerhard Ritter in Freiburg I.BR., /historiker --- 1957
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Chicago (Illnois), USA, /architekt --- 1957
Georg von Hevesy In Stockholm, /chemiker und physiker --- 1957
Charles Huggins in Chicago(Illnois), USA, /mediziner --- 1957
1958
Werner Bergengruen in Baden-Baden, /schriftsteller --- 1958
Romano Guardini in München, /philosoph --- 1958
Richard Kuhn in Heidelberg, /chemiker --- 1958 --- In 1964 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Percy Ernst Schramm in Göttingen, /historiker --- 1958 --- In 1963 he became President/Kanzler of the Order
1959
Ernst Buschor in München, /archäologe --- 1959
Ernst Beutler in Frankfurt A.M., /literaturwissenschaftler --- 1959
Thomas Stearns Eliot in London, /dichter --- 1959
François-Louis Ganshof in Brüssel, /historiker --- 1959
Pieter Geyl in Utrecht, /historiker --- 1959
1960
Hans Kienle in Heidelberg, /astronom --- 1960 --- In 1968 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
1961
Hans Rothfels in Tübingen, /historiker --- 1961
Carl Friedrich Freiherr v. Weizsäcker in Hamburg, /physiker und philosoph --- 1961
1962
Adolf Butenandt in München, /biochemiker --- 1962
Franz Dölger in München, /byzantinist --- 1962
Wolfgang Schadewaldt in Tübingen, /klassischer philologe --- 1962
Albert Defant in Innsbruck, /geophysiker --- 1962
1963
Gerhard von Rad in Heidelberg, /alttestamentlicher theologe --- 1963
Carl Ludwig Siegel in Göttingen, /mathematiker --- 1963
André Jean Festugière in Paris, /religionswissenschaftler --- 1963
AndréGrabar in Paris, /kunsthistoriker --- 1963
Walther von Wartburg in Basel, /romanist --- 1963
1964
Rudolf Hillebrecht in Hannover, /architekt und städteplaner --- 1964 --- In 1984 he became First Vice President/Erster Vizekanzler of the Order.
Alfred Kühn in Tübingen, /zoologe und biologe --- 1964
Karl Jaspers in Basel, /philosoph --- 1964
1966
Wieland Wagner in Bayeuth, /regisseur und bühnenbildner --- 1966
Hans Wimmer in München. /bildhauer --- 1966
Sir James Chadwick in Denbigh N. Wales, /physiker --- 1966
Annette Kolb in München, /schriftstellerin --- 1966
Georg Ostrogorsky in Belgrad, /byzantinist --- 1966
Emil Staiger in Zürich, /literaturhistoriker --- 1966
Alexander Lord Todd in Cambridge, /chemiker --- 1966
1967
Kurt Bittel in Berlin, /archäologe --- 1967 --- In 1971 he became President/Kanzler, in 1979 he became Third Vice President/Dritter Vizekanzler, and in 1980 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Erich Heckel in Hemmenhofen, /maler und graphiker --- 1967
Marie Luise von Kaschnitz in Frankfurt, /schriftstellerin --- 1967
Otto Klemperer in Zürich, /tonkünstler --- 1967
Gyula Moravcsik in Budapest, /byzantinist --- 1967
Erwin Panofsky in Princeton (New Jersey), USA, /kunsthistoriker --- 1967
Hideki Yukawa in Tokio, /physiker --- 1967
Carl Zuckmayer in Saas-Fee, /schriftsteller --- 1967
1968
Theodor Eschenburg in Tübingen, /politologe --- 1968
Kurt Mothes in Halle A.D. Saale, /pflanzenphysiologe --- 1968
Marino Marini in Mailand, /bildhauer und graphiker --- 1968
1969
Rudolf Bultmann in Marburg, /theologe --- 1969
Hugo Friedrich in Freiburg/BR., /romanist --- 1969
Franz Wieacker in Göttingen, /rechtshistoriker --- 1969
Karl Ziegler in Mülheim/Ruhr, /chemiker --- 1969
Alvar Aalto in Helsinki, /architekt --- 1969
Sir Cecil Maurice Bowra in Oxford, /klassischer philologe --- 1969
Stephan Kuttner in New Haven, USA, canonist and law historian /kanonist und rechtshistoriker --- 1969
Konrad Lorenz in Altenburg, Österreich, /zoologe --- 1969
1970
Egon Eiermann in Baden-Baden, /architekt --- 1970
Walter Gerlach in München, /physiker --- 1970
Fritz Kortner in München, /regisseur --- 1970
Karl Rahner in Münster, /theologe --- 1970
1971
Hans-Georg Gadamer in Ziegelhausen, /philosoph --- 1971
Rolf Gutbrod in Stuttgart, /architekt --- 1971 --- In 1985 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler, in 1992 Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler, and in 1993 First Vice President/Ertser Vizekanzler of the Order.
Feodor Lynen in München, /chemiker --- 1971
Theodor Schieder in Köln, /historiker --- 1971
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen in Helsinki, /biochemiker --- 1971
Albin Lesky in Wien (Vienna), /klassischer philologe --- 1971
1972
Walter Rosow in Berlin, /gartenarchitekt und landschaftsplaner --- 1972
Fritz Winter in Diessen am Ammersee, painter/maler --- 1972
Andreas Alföldi in Princeton (New Jersey), USA, ancient historian /althistoriker --- 1972
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs in Iffley/Oxford, /biochemiker --- 1972
Henry Moore in Much Hadham, /bildhauer --- 1972
1973
Helmut Coing in Frankfurt, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1973 --- In 1984 he became President/Kanzler of the Order.
Manfred Eigen in Göttingen, /chemiker --- 1973
Golo Mann in Kilchberg, Schweiz, /schriftsteller und historiker --- 1973
Hans Erich Nossack in Hamburg, /schriftsteller --- 1973
Maria Wimmer in München, /schauspielerin --- 1973
Raymond Aron in Paris, /soziologe --- 1973
Bartel Leendert van der Waerden in Zürich, /mathematiker --- 1973
1974
Wolfgang Gentner in Heidelberg, /physiker --- 1974 --- In 1976 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Thrasybulos Georgiades in München, /musikhistoriker --- 1974
Fritz Lipmann in New York, /biochemiker --- 1974
Sir Ronald Syme in Oxford, /althistoriker --- 1974
1975
Emil Karl Frey in München, /chirurg --- 1975
György Ligeti in Hamburg, /komponist --- 1975
Pierre Boulez in Paris, /komponist und dirigent --- 1975
Richard Ettinghausen in Princeton (New Jersey), USA, /kunsthistoriker --- 1975
Kenzo Tange in Tokio, /architekt --- 1975
1976
Peter Huchel in Staufen/Breisgau, /schriftsteller --- 1976
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in München, /physiker --- 1976 --- In 1979 he became President/Kanzler of the Order.
George F. Kennan in Princeton (New Jersey), USA, historian & diplomat/historiker und diplomat --- 1976
1977
Hansjochem Autrum in München, /zoologe --- 1977
Bruno Snell in Hamburg, /klassischer philologe --- 1977
Sir Ernst Gombrich in London, /kunsthistoriker --- 1977
Hans Hartung in Paris, painter/maler --- 1977
Friedrch August von Hayek in Freiburg I.BR., /nationalökonom --- 1977
1978
Gerd Meyer-Chwickerbath in Essen-Bredeney, /ophthalmologe --- 1978
Victor Friedrich Weisskopf in Cambridge (Mass.), USA, /physiker --- 1978
1979
Fritz Schalk in Köln, /romanist --- 1979
Felix Bloch in Palo Alto (Calif.), USA, /physiker --- 1979
Elias Canetti in Zürich, /schriftsteller --- 1979
1980
Wolfgang Paul in Bonn, /physiker --- 1980 --- In 1984 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler, in 1985 First Vice President/Ertser Vizekanlzer, and in 1992 First Vice President/Ertser Vizekanzler of the Order.
Werner Reichardt in Tübingen, /biologe --- 1980
Leopold Reidemeister in Berlin, /kunsthistoriker --- 1980
Sir Karl Popper in Penn(Bucks.), /wissenschraftstheoretiker ---
1981
Wolfgang Clemen in Endorf, /anglist --- 1981
Emil Schumacher in Hagen, painter/maler --- 1981
Hans Georg Zachau in München, /molekularbiologe --- 1981 --- In 1992 he became President/Kanzler of the Order.
Felix Gilbert in Princeton (New Jersey), USA, /historiker --- 1981
Rudolf Serkin in Brattleboro (Vermont), USA, /pianist --- 1981
Gershom Scholem in Jerusalem, /philosoph --- 1981
1982
Hendrik B.G. Casimir in Heeze, /physiker --- 1982
Sir Bernard Katz in London, /physiologe --- 1982
Ernst Kitzinger in Oxford, /kunsthistoriker --- 1982
1983
Carl Dahlhaus in Berlin, /musikwissenschaftler --- 1983
Jean Gaudemet in Paris, /rechtshistoriker --- 1983
Eugéne Ionesco in Paris, /schriftsteller --- 1983
Elisabeth Legg-Schwarzkopf in Zumikon, Schweiz, /kammersängerin --- 1983
1984
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau in Berlin, /kammersänger --- 1984
Hermann Haken in Stuttgart /physiker --- 1984
Hans Bethe in Ithac (New York), USA, /physiker --- 1984
Kaii Higashiyama in Chiba-Ken, Japan, painter/maler --- 1984
Otto Kratky in Graz, /chemiker --- 1984
Boris Borissowitsch Piotrowskij in Lenningrad, /archäologe --- 1984
1985
Bernard Bischoff in Planegg, /palägraph --- 1985
1986
Horst Fuhrmann in Steinbach, /historiker --- 1986 --- In 1992 he became Third Vice President/Dritter Vizekanzler, in 1993 Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler , and in 1997 First Vice President/Erster Vizekanzler of the Order.
1987
Eduard Chillida in San Sebastion, Spanien, /bildhauer --- 1987
Max F. Perutz in Cambridge, England, /biophysiker --- 1987
1988
Stig Strömholm in Uppsala, Sweden, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1988
1990
Carlos Kleiber in Grünwald, /dirigent --- 1990
Albrecht Schöne in Göttingen, /germanist --- 1990
Gordon A. Craig in Menlo Park, CA USA, /historiker-schriftsteller --- 1990
Jean-Marie Lehn in Strasbourg, Frankreich, /chemiker --- 1990
1991
Bernard Andrea in Rom, /archäologe --- 1991
Herbert Giersch in Keil, /nationalökonom --- 1991
Friedrich Hirzebruch in St. Augustin 2, /mathematiker --- 1991
Alfred Brendel in London, /pianist --- 1991
1992
Karl Dietrich Bracher in Bonn, /historiker un politikwissenschaftler --- 1992
Wolfgang Gerok in Freiburg/BR., /mediziner --- 1992
Eberhard Jüngel in Tübingen, /theologe --- 1992
Martin Walser in Überlingen-Nussdorf, /schriftsteller --- 1992
Albert Eschenmoser in Küsnacht/Schweiz, /chemiker --- 1992
Giogio Strehler in Barcola/Triest, Italien, /regisseur und theaterdirektor --- 1992
1993
Robert Huber in Martinsried, /biochemiker --- 1993
Aribert Reimann in Berlin, /komponist und pianist --- 1993
Gerhard Casper in Stanford, CA., USA, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1993
Sir Henry Chadwick in Cambridge, /kirchenhistoriker --- 1993
Walter Gehring in Basel, /Entwicklungsbiologe --- 1993
Witold Lutsoslawski in Warschau, /komponist --- 1993
1994
Albrecht Dihle in Heidelberg, /altphilologe --- 1994
Ludwig Finischer in Heidelberg, /musikwissenschaftler --- 1994
Ernst-Joachim Mestmäcker in Hamburg, /rechtsgelehrter --- 1994
Fritz R. Stern in New York, USA, /historiker --- 1994
1995
Peter Busmann in Köln, /architekt --- 1995 --- In 1997 he became Second Vice President/Zweiter Vizekanzler of the Order.
Erwinn Neher in Göttingen, /biophysiker --- 1995
Hubertus von Pilgrim in Pullach, /bildhauer und Kupferstecher --- 1995
Bert Sakmann in Heidelberg, /mediziner --- 1995
Robert M. Solow in Cambridge, MA, USA, /wirtschaftwissenschaftler --- 1995
Andrzej Szcypiorski in Warschau, Polen, /schriftsteller --- 1995
Jacques Tits in Paris, Frankreich, /mathematiker --- 1995
Niklaus Wirth in Zürich, Schweiz, /informatiker --- 1995
1996
Pina Bausch in Wuppertal, /ballettdirektorin und choreographin --- 1996
Rudolf L. Mößbauer in Grünwald, /physiker --- 1996
Peter von Matt in Dübendorf, CH, /germanist --- 1996
1997
Jutta Lampe in Berlin, /schauspielenrin --- 1997
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in Tübingen, /entwicklungsbiologin --- 1997
Eric R. Kandel in New York, /neurobiologe --- 1997
Dani Karavan in Tel Aviv, /bildhauer und architekt --- 1997
1998
Hans Belting in Karlsruhe, /kunsthistoriker --- 1998
Umberto Eco in Mailand, /semiotiker --- 1998
Charles Weissmann in Zürich, /molekularbiologe --- 1998